Experts at the Global Security Forum in Doha highlighted the increasing danger of non-state actors using AI-enhanced cyberattacks combined with disinformation to target national cybersecurity. A panel featuring the head of Qatar's NSCA, a former White House cyber official, and academics discussed how these "shadow forces," including hackers and extremist groups operating outside state control, threaten sovereignty and global security. They noted the shift towards sophisticated, tool-less attacks and the rise of cybercrime-as-a-service. The panel stressed the use of unchecked online disinformation to undermine societies and the role of AI in creating fake content for attacks. They urged greater international collaboration and updated cybersecurity strategies to counter these evolving threats.